Euthanasia for horses — all you need to know

Saying goodbye to a much-loved horse is one of the hardest decisions an owner will ever have to make. Whether due to illness, injury or old age, euthanasia is sometimes the kindest and most responsible choice. 

When and why owners may need to make the decision

No owner wants to think about euthanasia, but every horse deserves a life free from pain and suffering. There are several reasons why putting a horse down may become the best decision, such as:

• Chronic pain or untreatable illness: conditions such as severe arthritis, colic or laminitis can cause significant pain that cannot be managed effectively.
• Injuries with a poor prognosis: fractures or tendon injuries may make a horse’s quality of life unacceptable.
• Loss of mobility or independence: if a horse struggles to stand, lie down or move comfortably, their dignity and welfare may be compromised.
• Severe behavioural or neurological issues: conditions like equine motor neuron disease (EMND) or chronic instability can be dangerous for both the horse and those around them.

Ultimately, the decision should be based on the horse’s quality of life, not just their age or value. A vet can help assess their condition using guidelines such as the Quality of Life Scale, which considers factors like pain levels, appetite and social behaviour.

How are horses put to sleep and who can do it?

There are two main methods of equine euthanasia, both of which should only be carried out by a qualified vet or professional:

• Lethal injection: a vet administers an overdose of anaesthetic, which causes the horse to lose consciousness quickly and pass away peacefully.
• Shooting: a humane killer or firearm is used by a licensed professional (such as a vet or disposal specialist). This method is often chosen for immediate euthanasia in emergencies or when disposal methods require it.

Both methods are quick, but they can be distressing for owners to witness. It’s a personal choice whether you stay with your horse, but having a trusted friend or handler present can provide support.

What happens afterwards?

Once a horse has died, owners need to arrange for their remains to be handled respectfully. Options include:

• Cremation: either individually (where ashes are returned) or communally.
• Burial: this is allowed in certain locations with permission from the local authority.
• Disposal service: where the horse’s body is collected for processing in line with DEFRA regulations.

Deciding which of these options you would prefer in advance can ease stress when the time comes.

Planned euthanasia

Planned euthanasia allows owners to prepare mentally, financially and logistically. This can be the sensible choice for a horse suffering chronic conditions which are leading to a decline in the quality of life. Your vet is an excellent person to consult about the best course of action but contacts like yard managers or experienced horse owners who have faced similar situations are also useful advisors. 

If you are insured for death (mortality) you should speak to your insurer before going ahead — and it’s possible they may also ask to speak to your vet. Also call them if you are insured for veterinary fee cover only, since these may cover you for the cost of putting a horse down (as with Agria).

Once a decision is made to euthanise, make some preparations to help things go as seamlessly as possible. 

• Choose a quiet location: a familiar, safe place to minimise stress.
• Make arrangements for disposal in advance.
• Plan support: have someone with you and consider what to do for other horses on the yard.

“I recommend that euthanasia take place in a private location, out of sight of other horses. Some horses can become very distressed when witnessing the euthanasia process, especially if it involves a close companion,” says Equine Behaviour Consultant Justine Harrison.

Emergency euthanasia

Sadly, it may be necessary to euthanise a horse quickly and unexpectedly, for example in the case of an injury (such as a broken leg) or twisted gut. Every owner should therefore have an emergency plan, including:

• An emergency contact list: ensure someone (e.g. a yard manager or trusted friend) can act on your behalf if you’re unreachable.
• Insurance details should be readily available: some policies cover euthanasia and disposal costs.
• A designated professional: know which vet or service you would prefer to be called upon in an emergency.

If nominating someone authorised to make necessary decisions in your absence, it’s a good idea to share this with your vet so they can be added to your record. This gives the vet confidence that they are speaking to someone authorised to make treatment or euthanasia decisions on your behalf, which potentially avoiding delays and complications.

BEVA guidelines and insurance implications

The British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA) provides guidelines to ensure euthanasia is performed humanely and ethically. Some key points include:

• A vet should confirm that euthanasia is the best course of action.
• The method used must be quick, effective, and pain-free.
• Owners should understand insurance terms: some policies require vet approval or, in some cases, a post-mortem to process claims.

It is always advisable to call your insurer before proceeding with euthanasia, to discuss the matter with them. They can explain what level of support you can expect: for example, Agria lifetime policies help with the cost of euthanasia and disposal. This can help to mitigate distress and unexpected costs. However, in an emergency, it is entirely justifiable to act without first speaking to your insurer (and the BEVA guidelines make allowance for this).

Support for owners

Losing a horse can be devastating and it is entirely natural to grieve their passing. Do consider accessing support from organisations such as:

• BHS Friends at the End – A British Horse Society service offering emotional support and guidance from someone who has experienced losing a horse previously.
• Blue Cross Pet Bereavement Service – A free, confidential helpline for grieving owners which is available 365 days a year. Their Pet Loss Support can be contacted by calling 0800 096 6606 between 8.30am and 8.30pm, or via email at plsmail@bluecross.org.uk.

World Horse Welfare have produced two leaflets to help guide owners through equine end-of-life planning. You can download these resources below or speak to their knowledgeable team by calling 01953 497238 during office hours.

• Just in Case: The Facts clearly and sensitively explains all aspects of the process to help you prepare.
• Just in Case: Owner’s Plan provides a form to complete in advance, which helps document your choices even if you can’t be contacted in an emergency.

Helping the remaining horses to cope with loss

Horses form strong bonds, and losing a companion can be distressing for them. Signs of their grief may include:

• Calling for their companion.
• Becoming anxious or restless.
• Changes in appetite.
• Depressed, withdrawn or lethargic behaviour.

To help the remaining horses:

• Let them see the body if possible: some horses settle better when they understand their friend has gone.
• Give them time: grief affects horses differently. Some adjust quickly while others may need extra attention.
• Provide companionship: introduce them to new equine friends gradually.

“How horses react to the loss of a friend will depend largely on the individual and their level of attachment,” says Equine Behaviour Consultant Justine Harrison. 

“It's impossible to predict exactly how a horse will respond, so we need to give them the benefit of the doubt and support them as much as possible. If you know in advance that a horse’s companion is going to be euthanised, consider gradually introducing a new friend to the remaining horse(s) while their companion is still alive to ease the transition and ensure they have company throughout the process.

“I also recommend allowing the remaining horses to see the body of their companion to help them process what has happened, so they are not left waiting for their missing friend to return. Additionally, consider giving a grieving horse some time off from work, especially if you notice signs of anxiety, withdrawal or lethargy. Taking them for in-hand walks to graze with a companion, spending quality time grooming and finding their favourite itchy spots, or simply hanging out with them can be beneficial. Enrichment of all kinds is also helpful—such as presenting food in different ways, giving a range of forages or offering a treat ball or toys.”

Final thoughts

Deciding to say goodbye to a horse is never easy, but it’s a final act of kindness that ensures they do not suffer unnecessarily. Being informed, prepared, and supported can make this heartbreaking time a little easier. If you’re struggling, look to others for support — you’re not alone.